一、中考對句子的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面:
1、掌握陳述句、祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法;
2、掌握一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法;
3、掌握由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別;
4、掌握狀語從句、賓語從句的構(gòu)成形式、基本用法及意義,對從句的要求如下:
(1)掌握時間和條件狀語從句中的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的搭配
(2)掌握賓語從句的語序及其時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
5、了解定語從句的構(gòu)成基本形式及基本用法
二、句子考查點分項說明:
1、掌握陳述句、祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
一、陳述句:
陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達(dá)說話人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降調(diào),句末用句號“.”。
Tom has a new car.湯姆有輛新車。
The flower isn’t beautiful.這花不美。
二、陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成
1. 如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞be,則只需在這些動詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.他正在彈吉他。(肯定)
He is not playing the guitar.他不在彈吉他。(否定)
We can get there before dark.天黑前我們能夠到達(dá)那里。(肯定)
We can’t get thee before dark.天黑前我們不能到達(dá)那里。(否定)
2. 如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞,而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞時,則需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵巍?BR> He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)
He doesn’t play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)
She won the game.她贏得了比賽。(肯定)
She didn’t win the game.她沒贏比賽。(否定)
三、祈使句:
祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子,謂語動詞用原形,句末用感嘆號“!”或句號“.”。朗讀時一般用降調(diào)。
1. 肯定的祈使句:
(1)祈使句主語是you時,you常省略,但如果要特別強調(diào)對方或表達(dá)某種強烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。
Be quiet.請安靜。
You be quiet! 你給我安靜點!
(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一種強烈的感情或請求,do起強調(diào)作用。
Do come back at once! 務(wù)必立即返回!
Do be careful.務(wù)必小心。
(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣,但please用在句末時,必須用逗號與其余部分分開。
Open the window, please.請打開窗戶。
(4)Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時,后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語,人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。
Let Jack wait a minute.讓杰克等一會。
Let’s go to school.我們上學(xué)去吧。
(5)在祈使句中,Let’s和 Let us是有區(qū)別的。Let’s包括說話者,而Let us不包括說話者在內(nèi)。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。
Let’s go skating, shall we? 咱們?nèi)チ锉桑脝?(表示?nèi)部的建議)
Let us try again, will you? 讓我們再試一次,好嗎?(表示向別人發(fā)出請求)
2、掌握一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
一、一般疑問句:
(1)一般疑問句的肯定形式
一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have(有)開始,通常要求以yes,或no來回答的疑問句,一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。
Do you know Mr. Smith? 你認(rèn)識史密斯先生嗎?
Can you swim? 你會游泳嗎?
(2)一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
① 在一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n’t,則須將-n’t與一般疑問句句首的be, have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中,一般都采用簡略式。
② 與漢語不同的是,英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定,全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的,則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu);若答語是否定的,則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷嗎?
Yes, I am. 是的,我是。
No, I am not. 不,我不是。
Won’t she like it? 她會不喜歡嗎?
Yes, she will. 是的,她會(喜歡)的。
No, she won’t. 不,她不會(喜歡)的。
二、特殊疑問句
用疑問代詞疑問形容詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句叫特殊疑問句。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答,讀時用降調(diào)。 注意
常見的疑問代詞有what, which, who, whom, whose
常見的疑問形容詞有what, which, whose
常見的疑問副詞有when, where, why, how
常用的特殊疑問句
詢問內(nèi)容 疑問詞或句型 例 句 回 答
職業(yè),身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor.
姓名或關(guān)系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack.He is my brother
相貌特征 what…like? What is she like?What does she look like? She is beautiful.
目的 what…for? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting.
原因 why Why did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend.
天氣 how what…like? How is the weather today?What is the weather like today? It’s fine.
顏色 what color…? What dolor is her skirt? It’s red.
服裝尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wars 40.
幾點鐘 what time What time is it? It’s 7:30.
星期幾 what day What day is today? It’s Tuesday.
幾號,日期 what is the date…? What is the date today? It’s May 2.
年齡(多大) how old How old is he? He is 38.
持續(xù)多長時間(多久) how long How long have you been here? For five months.
長度(多長) how long How long is the bridge? It’s 500 metres.
距離(多遠(yuǎn)) how far How far is it from here to the zoo? It’s 6 kilometres.
頻度(多經(jīng)常) how often How often do you come back? Once a week.
時間經(jīng)過(多快) how soon How soon will she arrive? In an week.
數(shù)量(多少) how many(可數(shù)名詞)how much(不可數(shù)名詞) How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want? Three.Two cups.
價格 how much How much is it?How much does it cost? Five dollars.
高度(多高) how tall(人,樹)how high(山,建筑物) How tall is she?How high is the tower? She’s 1.73 metres.It’s 450 metres.
3. 選擇疑問句:
選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況,讓對方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接,or前面的部分讀升調(diào),or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。
選擇疑問句不能用yes或no回答,而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。
Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。
Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.
4. 反意疑問句:
反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后附加一個意思與之相反的簡短問句,問對方是否贊同的疑問句。附加問句的否定式必須縮寫。
(1)肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句,否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。
I am your teacher, aren’t I? 我是你的老師,對嗎?
He didn’t study hard, did he? 他學(xué)習(xí)不努力,對嗎?
(2)如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never(從不,決不),hardly(幾乎不)或其他表示否定代詞或形容詞,如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,則附加問句只能用肯定式。如:
They hardly write to each other, do they? 他們幾乎不給對方寫信,是嗎?
He has found nothing, has he? 他什么也沒有找到,是嗎?
Few people knew the secret, did they? 很少有人知道這個秘密,是嗎?
(3)當(dāng)反意疑問句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時,英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語回答時只看實際情況,若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”,答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”,而譯成漢語時,則必須把yes譯“不是”,把no譯成“是的”。
You won’t be away for long, will you?你不會離開太久,是嗎?
Yes, I will.不,我會離開很久。 No, I won’t.是的,我不會離開很久。
I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she?我認(rèn)為她不會騎自行車,會嗎?
Yes, she will.不,她會騎自行車來。 No, she won’t.是的,她不會騎自行車來。
3、掌握由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別
感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號“!”,讀時用降調(diào),感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how修飾形容詞,副詞或動詞。
1. what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)what + a/an +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What a beautiful city it is!多么美麗的一個城市。
What an interesting story she told!她講了一個多么有趣的故事。
。2)what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
What expensive watches they are!多貴的手表啊!
What terrible weather it is!多么惡劣的天氣。
2.How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
。1)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How cold it is! 多冷!
How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!
(2)How+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How he loves his son! 他多么愛他的兒子。
How I miss you! 我多想你。
。3)How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)
How tall a tree it is! 多么高的一棵樹啊!
How they cried! 他們哭得多傷心啊!
4、掌握狀語從句、賓語從句的構(gòu)成形式、基本用法及意義,對從句的要求如下:
(一)掌握時間和條件狀語從句中的時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的搭配
(1)時間狀語從句:
引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有when(當(dāng)……時候),while(當(dāng),在……過程中),since(自從……以來),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),tell/until(直到……時),as soon as(一……就)。如果主句為一般將來時,則時間狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的意義。
He was reading the newspaper when I came in.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時,他正在讀報紙。
Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在時,請照看一下我的貓。
Don’t talk so loud while others are studying.別人學(xué)習(xí)時不要大聲說話。
It has been five years since she went abroad.她出國已有五年了。
He died before his son came back.他在他兒子回來之前就去世了。
I’ll show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到達(dá)我就領(lǐng)他參觀我們的工廠。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see him. 我一見到他就告訴他。
(2) 條件狀語從句:引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞是if(如果)。如果主句是一般將來時,條件狀語從句只能用一般現(xiàn)在時。
If you stay at home, I’ll go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。
If we don’t get up early, we won’t catch the train.如果我們不早起,我們就趕不上火車。
(2)掌握賓語從句的語序及其時態(tài)與主句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
(一)賓語從句的語序:
賓語從句的語序一律使用陳述語序。尤其是在把兩個獨立的句子連成一個含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句時必須特別注意:
(1) 當(dāng)賓語從句原為陳述句時,用that引導(dǎo),語序不變。(注意時態(tài)的一致)
Tom isn’t a good student. The teacher told us…→
The teacher told us Tom wasn’t a good student.老師告訴我們湯姆不是一個好學(xué)生。
He has given up smoking. She said…→
She said he had given up smoking.她說他已經(jīng)戒煙了。
(2) 當(dāng)賓語從句原為一般疑問句時,用whether或if連接,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
Is Jim a doctor? I wonder…→
I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是個醫(yī)生。
Does she dance well? Can you tell me…→
Can you tell me if she dances well?你能告訴我她舞跳的是否好嗎?
(3) 當(dāng)賓語從句原為特殊疑問句時,特殊疑問詞即為連接詞,語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。
She asked me where you were going.她問我你去哪里。
She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。
(二)賓語從句的時態(tài):
賓語從句的時態(tài)原則上應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致。
(1) 如果主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時),賓語從句可以是實際需要的任何時態(tài)。
I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已經(jīng)來了。(現(xiàn)在完成時)
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.請告訴我什么時候開會。(一般將來時)
I don’t know who they are talking about.我不知道他們正在談?wù)撜l。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時)
I have heard the window was broken by John.我已經(jīng)聽說窗戶是被約翰打破的。
(2) 如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時,過去進(jìn)行時),賓語從句必須選用過去的某一時態(tài)(即一般過去時,過去將來時,過去進(jìn)行時或過去完成時等)
He said he would kill her.他說他會殺了她。(過去將來時)
She told us Lucy had returned home.她告訴我們露茜已經(jīng)回家去了。(過去完成時)
Mary was wondering who could answer the question.
瑪麗想知道誰能回答這一問題。(一般過去時)
I didn’t told them where you were having the meeting.
我沒有告訴他們你們正在哪兒開會。(過去進(jìn)行時)
(3) 如果賓語從句表示的是科學(xué)其理、客觀事實或格言警句等,則不管這句是何種時態(tài),從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。
Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告訴我地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她說患難朋友才是真正的朋友。
5、了解定語從句的構(gòu)成基本形式及基本用法
。ㄒ唬┒ㄕZ在句中是用來修飾名詞或代詞的,一般由形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類來充當(dāng)。如果起修飾作用的是一個句子的時候,就叫作定語從句。但定語從句不是象形容詞那樣放于名詞前,而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞。
(二)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞: that, which, who, whom, whose 和關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why, how。
1. that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機是一種會飛的機器。
I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday. 我喜歡你昨天借給我的那本書。
2.which的先行詞只能是物。
The book shop is a shop which sells book. 書店是銷售書的商店。
The book (which) I read last night was wonderful. 我昨晚看的那本書很精彩。
3. who 在定語從句中作主語; whom 是 who 的賓格,在定語從句中作賓語;而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞,在從句中作定語。
The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend
昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。
Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to?
你剛才與之談話的那個女人是誰?
This is our classmate, Mary, whose home is not far from our school.
這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗,她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。
4. 關(guān)系代詞 whom, which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間,有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫,而將介詞置于定語從句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. 那是我們曾經(jīng)住了十年的房子。
= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
。ㄈ┏P(guān)系代詞外,還有關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等也能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
1. when用來指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall
我永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記我第一次到達(dá)長城的那天。
2. where 則指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
This is the house where the old man lives. 這就是那位老人住的房子。
3.why用來指原因,作原因狀語。
That’s the reason why he didn’t come yesterday. 那就是他昨天為什么沒有來的原因。
三、鞏固練習(xí)
一、單項選擇
1. Do you know daughter she is?
A. whose B. whom C. what D. who
2. They wondered if the teacher them some English songs the next week.
A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught
3. He asked picture was John’s.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
4. He told me Paris is the capital of France.
A. which B. the C. that D. what
5. I’ll go there by bike it is fine tomorrow.
A. whether B. that C. what D. if
6. I will write to you I get there.
A. while B. as soon as C. as D. since
7. Please answer the question in a loud enough voile all the class may hear.
A. so, that B. so that C. and D. or
8. I have that I don’t know which one I should borrow.
A. such many books B. so many books.
C. such much books D. so much books
9. it was blowing heavily, the farmers went on working in the fields.
A. Though, × B. Though, but C. Because, × D. Because, so
10. He asked me during the summer holiday.
A. where I had gone B. where I had been
C. where had I gone D. where had I been
11. Please give the message to him when you .
A. see him B. will see him C. saw him D. are going to see him
12. Can you tell us ?
A. if your father does B. what does your father do
C. your father does what D. what your father does
13. He asked me if I knew .
A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it is D. whose pen is it
14. She had cleaned the room her mother came home.
A. after B. before C. as soon as D. if
15. There are heavy clouds in the sky it is going to rain.
A. if B. that C. as if D. whether
16. This is the place I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
17. You may do it yourself leave it to me.
A. either…or B. neither…nor C. whether…or D. both…and
18. Do you know ?
A. what are you listening B. what you are listening
C. what you are listening to D. what are you listening to
19. It ten years since I taught in the school.
A. will B. was C. has D. is
20. —Do you know ?
—Yes. He is a teacher.
A, whom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is
二、按要求轉(zhuǎn)變句型
1. Lucy has finished the work.(改為一般疑問句)
2. She used to wear white skirt.(改為否定句)
3 I think Jack is a good student.(改為否定句)
4. There is something wrong with my watch.(改為否定句)
5. The tree is very tall.(改為感嘆句,How~)
6. The cock gets up very early.(改為感嘆句)
7. He wish to be a teacher.(改為感嘆句)
8. Come back at once.(改為否定句)
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing.(改為一般疑問句)
10. You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.(改為祈使句)
11. This is a very interesting story.(改為感嘆句)
12. It’s very bad news.(改為感嘆句)
13. Shall we go out for a walk?(改為祈使句)
14. She’s gone to Paris.(改為反意疑問句)
15. Rose seldom goes skating.(改為反意疑問句)
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money.(改為反意疑問句)
17. There is nothing left.(改為反意疑問句)
18. I am dishonest.(改為反意疑問句)
19. Be careful!(改為反意疑問句)
20. Let’s sing the English song.(改為反意疑問句)
四、鞏固練習(xí)參考答案
一、單項選擇
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. B 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. C
16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. D
二、按要求轉(zhuǎn)化句型
1. Has Lucy finished the work?
2. She didn’t use to wear white skirt.
3. I don’t think Jack is a good student.
4. There is nothing wrong with my watch./There isn’t anything wrong with my watch.
5. How tall the tree is!
6. How early the cock gets up!
7. How he wish to be a teacher!
8. Don’t come back at once.
9. The boy doesn’t like dancing, does he?
10. Don’t smoke in the classroom.
11. What an interesting story this is!
How interesting a story this is!
12. What bad news it is!
13. Let’s go out for a walk.
14. She’s gone to Paris, hasn’t she?
15. Rose seldom goes skating, does she?
16. We don’t believe Jack has stolen your money, has he?
17. There is nothing left, is there?
18. I am dishonest, aren’t I?
19. Be careful, will you?
20. Let’s sing the English song, shall we?