專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識部分

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure 15%

Directions:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.

()1.Brush pensbamboo and wood,some paperwood and bamboo.

A.are made from,is made of　　 B.make from,makes of

C.are made of,is made from　　 D.make of,makes from

()2.Are you ready?We�餷l go out for a picnic30 minutes.

A.at B.for

C.sinceD.in

()3.He dropped theand broke it.

A.cup of coffer B.coffee�餾 cup

C.cup for coffeeD.coffee cup

()4.has already been pointed out,grammar is not a set of dead rules.

A.As　B.It

C.ThatD.Which

()5.Carol said the work would be done by October personally，I doubt very much.

A.itB.that

C.when D.which

()6.is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A.There B.This

C.That D.It

()7.This is one of the most interesting questions thatasked.

A.haveB.has

C.have been　　　 D.has been

()8.His trouserswhen he tried to jump over the fence.

A.crackedB.split

C.brokeD.burst

()9.Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital,they have no schedules to keep.

A.even though B.for

C.as if D.since

()10.,I�餯 have done it myself.

A.If I know itB.Had I known it

C.If I had have known it D.Should I known it

()11.He wouldn�餿 answer the reporters�� questions,nor would hefor a photograph.

A.summon　 B.highlight

C.pose D.marshal

()12.Theof the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe.

A.essence B.texture

C.content D.threshold

()13.The girl�餾 facewith embarrassment during the interview when she couldn�餿 answer the tough question.

A.beamed B.dazzled

C.radiated D.flushed

()14.The government�餾 policies will come under closein the weeks before the election.

A.appreciation B.specification

C.scrutinyD.apprehension

()15.Very few people could understand his lecture because the subject was very.

A.faintB.obscure

C.gloomy D.indefinite

Ⅱ.Close 20%

Directions:There is one passage with blanks in this part.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best fills in the blank.

Have you ever wondered what our future is like?Practically all people1a desire to predict their future2.Most people seem inclined to3this task using causal reasoning.First，we4recognize that future circumstances are5caused or conditioned by present ones.We learn that getting an education will6how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy7with a shark.Second,people also learn that such8of cause and effect are probabilistic (可能的) in nature.That is,the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are9,but not always.Thus,students learn that studying hard10good grades in most instances,but not every time.Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more11and provides techniques for dealing12them more accurately than does causal human inquiry.In looking at ordinary human inquiry,we need to13between prediction and understanding.Often,even if we don�餿 understand why,we are willing to act14the basis of a demonstrated predictive ability.Whatever the primitive drives15motivate human beings,satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to16future circumstances.The attempt to predict is often played in a17of knowledge and understanding.If you can understand why certain regular patterns18,you can predict better than if you simply observe those patterns.Thus,human inquiry aims19answering both “what” and “why” questions,and we pursue these20by observing and figuring out.

()1.A.exhibitB.exaggerateC.examineD.exceed

()2.A.contexts B.circumstancesC.inspections D.intuitions

()3.A.underestimateB.undermineC.undertake D.undergo

()4.A.specially B.particularly C.always D.generally

()5.A.somehowB.somebody C.someoneD.something

()6.A.enactB.affect C.reflect D.inflect

()7.A.meeting B.occurrence C.encounter D.contact

()8.A.patterns B.designs C.arrangements D.pictures

()9.A.disappointedB.absent C.inadequate D.absolute

()10.A.creates B.producesC.loses D.protects

()11.A.obscureB.indistinctC.explicitD.explosive

()12.A.for B.atC.in D.with

()13.A.distinguish B.distinct C.distort D.distract

()14.A.at B.on C.to D.under

()15.A.whyB.howC.that D.where

()16.A.predict B.produceC.pretend D.precede

()17.A.contentB.contact C.contest D.context

()18.A.happenB.occur C.occupyD.incur

()19.A.at B.onC.to D.beyond

()20.A.purposes B.ambitions C.drives D.goals

Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension 34%

Directions:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by several questions and unfinished sentences.For each of them there are several choices.You should decide on the BEST ONE.

Passage 1

Early rising is helpful in more than one way.First,it helps us have good health.We all need fresh air.It makes our health better to take morning exercises.The air is never so fresh as early in the morning.Early rising helps us in our studies.In the morning we learn more quickly and find it easy to learn something by heart.

Early rising makes people able to plan the work for the day.We can�餿 work well without a good plan.Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring,the plan for a day should be made in the morning.Early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work,such as to wash our hands and eat our breakfast.So the popular saying says,“Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.”

()1.“Early rising” meansearly in the morning.

A.waking upB.getting up

C.having breakfast D.making a day�餾 plan

()2.Why does the passage advise us to take exercises early in the morning?

A.Because we can save much time.

B.Because we are not busy in the morning.

C.Because air in the morning is very fresh.

D.Because we don�餿 need to prepare for breakfast.

()3.We can work well with.

A.enough time 　B.a good reading

C.clean hands 　D.a good plan

Passage 2

Dear all,

Please read Professor Hume�餾 e�瞞ail about his next lecture on Rosa Parks.

Susan Miller

Secretary

Dear Susan,

Please forward this message to students of my history class.

Besides the life story of Rosa Parks in the textbook,the students are also required to read the passage below and some related stories that can be borrowed from the school library.

Ted Hume

The early experiences of Rosa Parks (1913~2005),long known as the “mother of the civil rights movement,”were not different from those of many African�睞mericans at that time.The black woman,however,turned the course of American history in December 1955 when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man.“By sitting down,” remarked John Lewis,“she was standing up for all Americans.”

Among the numerous awards Parks received in her life were the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1996) and the Congressional Gold Medal (1999).

Parks died on Oct.24,2005.At St.Paul A.M.E.Church in Montgomery,a large crowd including Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice celebrated her life.Rice said she and others,who grew up when the political activities of Parks held public attention,might not have realized her impact(影響) on their lives,“but I can honestly say that without Mrs.Parks,I probably would not be standing here as Secretary of State.”

After her casket(靈柩) was placed at the Capitol,U.S.President Bush,members of Congress and ordinary Americans paid their respects.In American history,Parks is the first woman to lie in state at the Capitol,a very high regard usually reserved for Presidents of the United States.

()4.What is the main purpose of Susan�餾 e�瞞ail?

A.To make arrangements for Professor Hume�餾 class.

B.To introduce to the students Rosa Parks.

C.To help the students organize a lecture.

D.To answer Professor Hume�餾 last e�瞞ail.

()5.What does the underlined word “forward” mean?

A.explain 　B.send

C.take　D.read

()6.The political impact of Rosa Parks lies in the fact that she.

A.helped Condoleezza Rice achieve political success

B.joined the civil rights movement at a young age

C.made racial equality a common value in American society

D.set a good example in her early life for other black Americans

()7.How was Rosa Parks treated after her death?

A.She was named “mother of the civil rights movement”.

B.She was received by President Bush at the Capitol.

C.She was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

D.She was honored to lie in state at the Capitol.

Passage 3

Today,as in every other day of the year,more than 3,000 U.S.adolescents will smoke their first cigarette on their way to becoming regular smokers as adults.During their lifetime,it can be expected that of these 3,000 about 23 will be murdered,30 will die in traffic accidents,and nearly 750 will be killed by a smoking�瞨elated disease.The number of deaths attributed to cigarette smoking outweighs all other factors,whether voluntary or involuntary,as a cause of death.

Since the late 1970s,when daily smoking among high school seniors reached 30 percent,smoking rates among youth have declined.While the decline is impressive,several important issues must be raised.

First,in the past several years,smoking rates among youth have declined very little.Second,in the late 1970s,smoking among male high school seniors exceeded that among female by nearly 10 percent.The statistic is reversing.Third,several recent studies have indicate high school dropouts have excessively high smoking rates,as much as 75 percent.

Finally,though significant declines in adolescent smoking have occurred in the past decade,no definite reasons for the decline exist.Within this context,the National Cancer Institute (NCI) began its current effort to determine the most effective measures to reduce smoking levels among youth.

()8.According to the author,the deaths among youth are mainly caused by.

A.traffic accidentsB.smoking�瞨elated disease

C.murderD.all of these

()9.Every day there are overhigh school students who will become regular smoker.

A.75 B.23

C.30 D.3000

()10.By “dropout” the author means.

A.students who failed the examination

B.students who left school

C.students who lost their way

D.students who were driven out of school

()11.The reason for declining adolescent smoking is that.

A.NCI has taken effective measures

B.smoking is prevented among high school seniors

C.there are many smokers who have died of cancer

D.none of these

()12.What is implied but not stated by the author is that.

A.smoking rates among youth have declined very little

B.there are now more female than male smokers among high school seniors

C.high smoking rates are due to the increase in wealth

D.smoking at high school are from low socio�瞖conomic backgrounds

Passage 4

Unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employers for economic and job benefits.They exist to create political and economic power against private management and the government to achieve their goals.

These goals are primarily higher wages,better working conditions,and job security.The arrangements made to achieve these goals are usually complex in their social and psychological detail.

Union movements occurred in the latter years of the 1700s in the U.S.Carpenters,printers,and shoemakers formed organizations as early as 1791 in Philadelphia,Boston,and New York.These arose largely over economic conflicts between workers and employers when rapid changes in a young developing country began to break down the familiar methods of production and the close ties between worker and employer.

A long,hard drive for legalization of union followed.Unions fought with companies and unsympathetic courts for legitimacy and status.Unions were seen as a threat to free enterprise and private property,and therefore to political and economic stability.They were also considered radical,and companies resisted them vigorously.Violence was frequent on both sides.The government at times moved in state police to suppress the more fierce conflicts.Union workers themselves often punishes other workers who did not support their polices.

Unions in the U.S. have always maintained a practical direction.They have not adopted radical ideologies or unrealistic goals.A major force in union organizing in the early part of the century,Samuel Gompers,took a practical approach.He was for“bread and butter unionism”or“pure and simple unionism.”He was interested in immediate,practical gains—higher wages and shorter hours.He sided with no political party,only with politicians who could help.

()13.The main objective of unions as mentioned in the first paragraph is.

A.to create economic and political strain to the government

B.to make complex arrangements for their members

C.to deal with employers for economic and job benefits

D.to break down the ties between employer and employee

()14.Which of the following can be inferred about the purpose of a strike?

A.To force the government to get involved.

B.To relieve the conflicts between worker and employer.

C.To impose financial difficulties on a company.

D.To win court support for the worker.

()15.From the passage we learn that.

A.unions adopted only an approach of violence to solving conflicts

B.unions are intended primarily to maintain economic prosperity

C.the government always gives vigorous support to unions during a conflict

D.there exist conflicts even among the union members themselves

()16.Unions under the leadership of Gompers differ from unions in other places in that the former are characterized by.

A.their realistic goals

B.their power and status

C.their unique organization

D.their immediate actions

()17.The word “l(fā)egitimacy” (Line 2,Paragraph 4) most probably means.

A.roleB.fruit

C.statusD.legality

Ⅳ.Translation 16%

Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese.

Passage 1

It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition.It would probably be a kinder world: without demands,without abrasions,without disappointments.People would have time for reflection.Such work as they did would not be for themselves,but for the collectivity.Competition would never enter in.Conflict would be eliminated.Tension would become a thing of the past.The stress of creation would be at an end.Art would no longer be troubling,but purely celebratory in its functions.The family would become superfluous as a social unit,with all its former power for bringing about neurosis drained away.Longevity would be increased,for fewer

people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor.Anxiety would be　extinct.Time would stretch on and on with ambition long departed from the human heart.

Passage 2

In recent decades it has become clear that for a distinct minority of American women the traditional mother role in the seclusion of the home is no longer acceptable.For many the family is of diminishing importance.The development of education for women has been a crucial factor in this change.Today,over 80 percent of all women complete four years of high school as compared to only 35 percent in 1940.This is related to the fact that marriage now occurs a year later for the average woman.The proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who are single increased from 28 percent in 1960 to 40 percent by the mid 1970s.Childbearing is being postponed so that,compared to the 1960s,10 percent fewer women bear their first child in the two year�餾 immediately following marriage,and childlessness is one of the basic changes that have taken place in women�餾 roles in recent years.

Ⅴ.Writing 15%

Directions: In this part,you are required to write a letter of about 120～150 words to your cousin.In the letter,you should give him some advice on how to prepare for the College Entrance Examination he is going to take next year.

教育學(xué)、教育心理學(xué)部分

六、名詞解釋(本大題共5小題，每小題2分，共10分)

1.成就動機

2.動作技能

3.強化

4.態(tài)度

5.遷移

七、簡答題(本大題共4小題，每小題5分，共20分)

1.學(xué)生的人身安全受法律保護，作為教師，你認(rèn)為在預(yù)防和處理學(xué)生被性騷擾或性分割事件時，應(yīng)注意些什么?

2.教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)如何激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機?

3.簡述制約課程的主要因素。

4.教學(xué)中如何根據(jù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知差異進行教學(xué)?

八、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分)

1.你怎樣理解范例教學(xué)法?

2.“蓬生麻中，不扶自直”談?wù)勀銓�這種觀點的看法。

【參考答案】

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.C 【解析】make of 的原材料是看得到的;make from的原材料是看不出的。

2.D 【解析】“in+一段時間”用于將來時，表明一段時間以后。

3.D 【解析】從后半句：打碎了它，可以推斷出前面掉了的是咖啡杯。

4.A 【解析】as可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that，一般放在句首。

5.D 【解析】本題考查的是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況。

6.D 【解析】it 做形式主語，真正的主語為English is being accepted as an international language。

7.C 【解析】略。

8.B 【解析】crack意為“開裂，破裂”;split意為“破裂”;break意為“打破”;burst意為“爆炸，爆裂。”褲子上的裂口一般用split。

9.A 【解析】even though意為“即使，縱然”;for意為“因為”，表原因;as if意為“好像，似乎”;since意為“既然”。

10.B 【解析】if 條件句中包含有 should, had, were時，可省去 if，且將should, had, were移到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝句式，而意思不變。

11.C 【解析】summon意為“召集，召喚”;highlight意為“突出，使顯著”;pose意為“擺姿勢”;marshal意為“整頓，配置，匯集”。本句的意思是“他不會回答記者的問題，也不會接受拍照”。

12.A 【解析】essence意為“本質(zhì)”;texture意為“質(zhì)地”;content意為“內(nèi)容”;threshold意為“門檻”。本句的意思是“科學(xué)態(tài)度的本質(zhì)是人類的智力能夠成功地理解宇宙的奧秘”。

13.D 【解析】beam意為“照射，露出喜色”;dazzle意為“使驚訝，使耀眼”;radiate意為“輻射”;flush意為“臉紅”。本句的意思是“這個女孩在面試的時候因回答不出那個困難的問題而尷尬地臉紅了”。

14.C 【解析】appreciation意為“感激，欣賞”;specification意為“規(guī)格，說明書”;scrutiny意為“詳細(xì)審查”;apprehension意為“理解，拘捕”。本句的意思是“在選舉之前的那幾個星期，政府的政策將受到仔細(xì)的檢查監(jiān)督”。

15.B 【解析】faint意為“衰弱的, 軟弱的”;obscure意為“難懂的，模糊的，晦澀的”;gloomy意為“黑暗的，陰郁的”;indefinite意為“含糊的，不確定的”。本句的意思是“幾乎沒有人能夠理解這次講座，因為他講座的主題非�；逎�難懂”。

Ⅱ.Close

1-5 ABCDA6-10 BCABB11-15 CDABC16-20 ADBAD

Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension

1-3 BCD4-7 ABCD8-12 BDBDB13-17 CCDAD

Ⅳ.Translation

【參考答案】

Passage 1

不難想象，沒有抱負(fù)與雄心的社會將會是怎樣的。它很可能是一個比較隨和的社會：沒有要求，沒有矛盾，也沒有失望。人們有時間深思。他們所做的工作不是為了自己，而是為了集體。從來沒有競爭。沖突將被消滅，緊張已成為過去。不再需要創(chuàng)造力。藝術(shù)不再是高深莫測的，它的作用純粹是為了歡慶與頌揚。家庭作為一個社會的單元將成為多余，它以前的束縛力已消失。長壽會增加，因為死于緊張、辛勞的工作引起的心臟病與中風(fēng)的人會越來越少。思慮將不復(fù)存在。人類長期地擺脫抱負(fù)、欲望的壓力，日子會過得越來越舒坦。

Passage 2

在最近幾十年的時間里，人們漸漸地明白了一個事實，那就是：為數(shù)不多的婦女已不再接受并愿意扮演深居簡出的傳統(tǒng)母親角色。許多人認(rèn)為家庭的重要性正日益消失。婦女受教育程度的提高是造成這一變化的重要因素。如今，80%的婦女完成了四年制的高中學(xué)習(xí)。而在1940年，完成這一階段學(xué)習(xí)的婦女僅占35%。這與現(xiàn)在美國婦女平均晚一年結(jié)婚有關(guān)。二十歲至二十四歲未婚者從1960年的28%上升到20世紀(jì)70年代的40%。人們推遲了生兒育女的時間，因此，

相較于20世紀(jì)60年代，結(jié)婚后兩年內(nèi)生孩子的婦女少了10%。除此之外，不想要孩子是近年來婦女角色發(fā)生變化的基本表現(xiàn)之一。

Ⅴ.Writing

【參考答案】略。

教育學(xué)、教育心理學(xué)部分

六、名詞解釋

1.成就動機：人們力求獲得成功的內(nèi)在動力。一個人對自己認(rèn)為重要的、有價值的事情，會努力去克服困難，盡力達(dá)成目標(biāo)的一種內(nèi)部推動力量。

2.動作技能：也叫操作技能、運動技能，是借助于骨骼、肌肉實現(xiàn)的，通過練習(xí)而形成的以合理的、完善的方式組織起來的外部操作活動方式。

3.強化：是一種操作，作用在于改變某一反應(yīng)在將來發(fā)生的概率。

4.態(tài)度：通過學(xué)習(xí)形成的，影響個人行為選擇的內(nèi)部準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)或反應(yīng)的傾向性。

5.遷移：一般所指的遷移是學(xué)習(xí)遷移，即一種學(xué)習(xí)對另一種學(xué)習(xí)的影響。

七、簡答題

1.【參考答案】作為教師，在預(yù)防和處理學(xué)生被性騷擾或性分割事件時，應(yīng)注意以下幾點：

(1)學(xué)生的人身安全受法律保護，教師應(yīng)有保護學(xué)生的人身安全的意識。

(2)對于預(yù)防傷害事件的發(fā)生，教師應(yīng)加強學(xué)生自我保護意識的教育，保護好自己的人身安全。同時，讓學(xué)生了解自己的權(quán)利，并在受到傷害時學(xué)會用法律保護自己。

(3)對于處理學(xué)生被性騷擾或性分割事件時，教師應(yīng)注意保護學(xué)生的隱私，并對學(xué)生提供各方面的幫助，讓學(xué)生盡快擺脫事件對自身的傷害。

2.【參考答案】(1)創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境，實施啟發(fā)式教學(xué);(2)根據(jù)作業(yè)難度，恰當(dāng)控制動機水平;(3)充分利用反饋信息，妥善進行獎懲;(4)正確指導(dǎo)結(jié)果歸因，促使學(xué)生繼續(xù)努力。

3.【參考答案】課程隨社會的發(fā)展而演變。課程反映一定社會的政治、經(jīng)濟的要求，受一定社會生產(chǎn)力和科學(xué)文化發(fā)展水平以及學(xué)生身心發(fā)展規(guī)律的制約。也就是說，社會、知識和兒童是制約學(xué)校課程的三大因素。

(1)一定歷史時期社會發(fā)展的要求及提供的可能。社會時代發(fā)展的狀態(tài)與需要，是形成不同時代學(xué)校教育課程總體結(jié)構(gòu)體系重大差別的重要原因。

(2)一定時代人類文化及科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展水平。課程的編制應(yīng)考慮學(xué)科體系的完整性、知識結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)在邏輯性，反映現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的水平，以保證學(xué)校課程的科學(xué)性、系統(tǒng)性。

(3)學(xué)生的年齡特征、知識、能力基礎(chǔ)及其可接受性。課程內(nèi)容的深度、廣度和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅要適合學(xué)生年齡特征，符合學(xué)生身心發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律，而且要正確處理需要與可能、現(xiàn)實與發(fā)展的關(guān)系，從而最大限度地促進學(xué)生身心和諧發(fā)展。

除此之外，課程理論也是制約課程的一大因素。建立在不同教育哲學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)上的課程論及課程的歷史傳統(tǒng)，對課程產(chǎn)生重要的結(jié)構(gòu)性影響。

4.【參考答案】認(rèn)知方式?jīng)]有優(yōu)劣好壞之分，認(rèn)知差異表明我們必須根據(jù)學(xué)生認(rèn)知差異的特點與作用，不斷改革教學(xué)，努力做到因材施教。

(1)要采用與學(xué)生認(rèn)知風(fēng)格相一致的教學(xué)策略。

(2)應(yīng)該根據(jù)學(xué)生認(rèn)知方式設(shè)計教學(xué)對策。

八、論述題

1.【參考答案】范例教學(xué)法是指教師在教學(xué)中選擇真正基礎(chǔ)的本質(zhì)的知識作為教學(xué)內(nèi)容，通過“范例”內(nèi)容的講授，使學(xué)生達(dá)到舉一反三、掌握同一類知識的規(guī)律的方法。它源于本世紀(jì)五十年代出現(xiàn)的一種影響頗大的教學(xué)理論流派——范例教學(xué)，倡導(dǎo)者為德國教育家瓦根舍因和克拉夫基。運用此法的目的在于促使學(xué)生獨立學(xué)習(xí)，而不是要學(xué)生復(fù)述式地掌握知識，要使學(xué)生將所學(xué)的知識遷移到其他方面，并進一步發(fā)展所學(xué)的知識，以改變學(xué)生的思維方法和行動能力。

范例教學(xué)法中的“范例”有以下三個特點：基本性、基礎(chǔ)性和范例性。在教學(xué)要求上，范例教學(xué)有四個統(tǒng)一：教學(xué)與教育相統(tǒng)一;解決問題的學(xué)習(xí)與系統(tǒng)知識的學(xué)習(xí)相統(tǒng)一;掌握知識與培養(yǎng)能力相統(tǒng)一;學(xué)習(xí)的主體——學(xué)生與學(xué)習(xí)的客體——教材相統(tǒng)一。范例教學(xué)分四個步驟：(1)通過范例的、典型的、具體的、單個實例來說明事物的特征。(2)在第一步學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上進行歸納、推斷，認(rèn)識這一類事物的特征。(3)在前面學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步歸納事物發(fā)展的規(guī)律性。(4)范例地獲得關(guān)于世界關(guān)系和切身經(jīng)驗的知識，使學(xué)生不僅了解客觀世界，也認(rèn)識自己，提高行為的自覺性。

2.【參考答案】該觀點強調(diào)了環(huán)境對個體的發(fā)展的重要性。環(huán)境泛指個體生活其中，影響個體身心發(fā)展的一切外部因素。環(huán)境對個體的發(fā)展的確有很大的影響，它為個體的發(fā)展提供了多種可能，包括機遇、條件和對象。環(huán)境所提供的條件不同，對個體發(fā)展的意義也不同。環(huán)境對個體的發(fā)展的影響有積極和消極之分。然而環(huán)境只是一個外在因素，對個體的發(fā)展不起決定作用。人在接受環(huán)境影響和作用時，不是消極被動的，人具有主觀能動性，人能改造環(huán)境，且在改造環(huán)境的實踐中發(fā)展著自身。因此，夸大環(huán)境對人的發(fā)展的作用，特別是環(huán)境決定論的觀點，是錯誤的。